Anonymous: "May true Wisdom & Love shine in your heart as though through a prism, so that you can realize virtues in your life as clearly as you see the colors of the rainbow." This is an attempt to order the main ways of how people communicate with each other and themselves. The Parts of Speech and Other Ways of Communication 1. substantive Traditionally divided into concrete and abstract, the thoughtful reader may take notice that the abstract can vary from the figurative, the psychical, and via the spiritual also to things of the heart, not to forget mental concepts. 2. verb I put the verb in second place, as it is the nouns that form the first parts of speech and that are connected by the other parts. 3. adjective It is my opinion that the adjective rightfully takes the third place, as it further describes the nouns that interact through the verb. 4. adverb As the verb takes the second place the adverb, that has something to say about the verb, takes the fourth place. 5. pronoun The pronoun is not for nothing called the pro-noun, as it can take the place of a noun, as a main player in the sentence. 6. preposition The preposition is called so, because it says something about the 'position' of a noun or acting phrase. Words like 'for,' 'before,' 'upon,' etc. determine the whereabout of the persons or players of the sentence. 7. conjunction Words like 'and,' 'or,' 'also,' and so forth conjoin members of a sentence. 8. article Languages like Latin are more or less anarthrous. The absence of the article is made up for by other ways. Latin, by the way, does not have either our I, you, he, we, you and they. These are included in the verb endings. 9. particle Words in Koine, such as 'ge,''de,' 'men.' These occur in various Indogermanic languages and are hard to translate. 10. cardinals and numerals 'Fifth,' and 'five' are examples of a cardinal and a numeral. In older English you also have 'thrice,' and 'twice' (bis in Latin). 11. interjection Oopse, ahum, ah, ha, etc. Some might put a word like 'hello' here, whereas others might say that hello is another way of saying 'Here I am, do you hear me?' 12. names Also nicknames and namecalling. 'What's in a name?' 13. to talk One might argue that this modus is implied in the parts of speech, but if one takes into account that nonverbal communication (the talk of emotional expressions) is a way of speech; then this is a category in its own kind. Sign languages might be put here also. To vaunt and to babble would be the exaggeration and the lack of talk. The New Testament distinguishes between 'eipein' and 'lalein;' I do not know why. The apostle Paul had witnessed mysteries that were not allowed to be spoken aloud (maybe in writing?). Intonation over the phone is an important part of expression. The body unseen must be aided by the voice. 14. expletives, cursing, incantations, wrong mantra's Often unbeknown to Westerners mantra's are repetitive prayers that call on the name of a Hindu god(dess). 15. blessing and cursing in a godly way The reader may be well reminded that according to the New Testament only the first is in order now: "Bless and curse not!" But against Simon the Magician certainly a curse was pronounced. 16. to sing Different cultures have different ways of singing. 17. to pray From longlasting meditation (thoughtful discussion with the divinity) to a simple sigh or groan; these all are ways of prayer. 18. to weep Jeremiads, weeping and complaining songs and even autistic movements and ticks are modi lacrimosi. 19. Habits One might argue that this modus is a form of communication at all kinds of levels, from stopgaps to smoking. Off course more subconscious than conscious. 20. to think Cogitation is not only a matter of the mind, but also of the spirit, the soul and particularly of the heart. 21. to act People put up acts for all kinds of reasons, from temper tantrums to selling techniques. 22. to make art Ars longa, vita brevis. 23. to play, to act playfully Last but not least, the little child in us should never die. The construction of mendelas, flower displays, mausoleums, processions of various kinds and the like may range through all the categories. Whereas word parsing assigns the parts of speech, so sentence parsing names the various relations between functional terms within a sentence. Some authors have a habit of expressing themselves in long and convoluted sentences that are difficult to analyze as far as sentence parsing is concerned. Send us your comments, suggestions, and/or requests... Advanced INSTITUTIO SCRIPTURARUM Recommend this site! top

May the Lord God, your Maker, bless and keep you and all that are and is dear to you!

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