N.T. Greek Etymology Word List

22.4 Etymology

Etymology is usually defined as the knowledge about the derivation of words. It could also be described as the study of the original meaning of words. In this section we would like to point out to you words (often bookish words) that also occur in the English language, derived from the Greek. These New Testament words often have the same or similar meanings and can even agree to some extent in pronunciation. This is because both Koinè and English are Indo-European languages. From India to England in many languages words occur that somehow are related to each other, both in meaning and in sound. Please, attempt to learn these words. This cannot be too difficult as they are related to their English equivalents either because they have been derived by scholars directly from the Greek original or (the usual way) they have been imported via the French language.

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ajgaqo"	- 'good'; cf. girls' name 'Agatha'
ajggelo"	- 'messenger'; cf. 'angel'
ajgkura	- 'anchor'
ajgnoew	- 'I do not know'; cf. 'agnostic'
ajgro"	- 'field'; cf. Lat. 'ager', D. 'Acker', Eng. 'acre'
ajhr	- 'air'; cf. Eng. 'air'
ajqeo"	- 'without God'; cf. 'atheist'
aiJma	- 'blood'; cf. 'haematology'
aijnigma	- 'riddle'; cf. Eng. 'enigma'
aiJresi"	- 'choice'; 'opinion', 'sect'; cf. Eng. 'heresy'
aiJretiko"	- 'sectarian', 'opinionated'; cf. Eng. 'heretic'
aijwn	- 'age'; cf. Eng. 'aeon'
ajkouw	- 'I hear'; cf. 'acoustic'
ajkro"	- 'apex'; cf. 'acrophobia'
ajlabastron	- 'perfume flask'; cf. 'alabaster, 'albast' (kind of gypsum)
ajllhgorew	- 'I speak an allegory'; (< allos 'other' and agorewo 'I speak')
aJma	- 'at the same time, together'; related to Sanskr. sa(ma), Eng. 'same', D. 'sammt', Dutch. 'samen' (often a spiritus asper was a sigma at an earlier stage of the Greek language)
ajmhn	- 'amen'; (< Hebr. for 'it is sure')
ajnaqema	- lit. 'a thing put on something', 'curse', 'accursed'; cf. 'anathema'
ajnalogia	- 'proportion'; cf. 'analogy'
ajnastasi"	- 'resurrection' (< root sta related to 'stand'); cf. girls' name'Anastasia'
ajnemo"	- 'wind', (< ao, aèmi 'I breathe'); cf. Skr. 'atmen' and Dutch 'adem' (related to Lat. anima, animus)
ajnqo"	- 'flower'; cf. 'anthology'
ajnqrwpo"	- 'human'; cf. 'anthropology', 'philanthropy', etc.
ajnti	- 'against', 'anti'; cf. 'antichrist'
ajntiqesi"	- 'opposition'; cf. 'antithesis'
ajntitupo"	- 'antitype';
ajnticristo"	- 'antichrist'
ajpo	- 'from'; cf. Dutch 'af', German 'ab', Eng. 'of(f)'
ajpoqhkh	- 'barn, storage'; cf. Eng. 'apothecary' (< Gr. apotithèmi 'I set aside')
ajpokaluyi"	- 'revelation'; cf. Eng. 'apocalypse'
ajpologia	- 'defense'; cf. Eng. 'apology'
ajpostolo"	- 'one sent, emissary'; cf. 'apostle'
ajrgurion	- 'silver (money)'; cf. Fr. 'argent'
ajriqmo"	- 'number'; cf. Eng. 'arithmetic'
ajrcaggelo"	- 'archangel'; cf. German 'Erz-'
ajrcitektwn	- 'chief builder'; cf. 'architect' (< archo 'I begin'): [lit. 'chief carpenter']
ajsbesto"	- 'unquenchable' (< alfa {-privans [lit. 'robbing alfa']} and sbennumi 'I extinguish') cf. 'asbestos'
ajsko"	- 'sack';
ajsthr	- 'star'
ajstron	- 'constellation'; cf. 'astronomy', 'astrology'
aujtomato"	- 'by itself'; cf. Eng. 'automatic'
aujto"	- 'self'; cf. Eng. 'autistic'

23.3 Etymology

ballw	- 'I throw'; cf. Eng. 'ballistic missile'
baptisth"	- 'baptizer'; cf. 'Baptist'
barbaro"	- 'stranger', 'foreigner'; cf. 'barbarian'
baro"	- 'weight'; cf. 'barometer'
basiliko"	- 'royal'; cf. 'basilisk'
biblo"	- 'book', 'scroll'; cf. 'bible'
bio"	- 'life', 'victuals'; cf. 'biology'
blasfhmew	- 'I blaspheme' (< blapto 'I damage' and phèmè 'speech', 'rumor')
borra"	- 'North'; cf. Lat. 'borealis'
botanh	- 'plant', 'herb'; cf. 'botany'
boulomai	- 'I want', 'I plan' (the ending looks like a passivum, but is not!); cf. 'aboulia' (morbid doubt)
gaggraina	- 'gangrene' (< graino 'I gnaw')
gamo"	- 'marriage' (probably from a root gam 'to bind'); cf. 'monogamy'
genealogia	- 'genealogy' (< genea 'generation' and logia [cognate with logos 'word' and lego 'I say']
genesi"	- 'origin', 'birth' (< geno or ginomai 'I become'); cf. 'genesis'
gewrgo"	- 'farmer', 'husbandman' (< gè 'land' and ergo 'I work'); cf. Eng. 'George'
gh	- 'land', 'earth'; cf. 'geology'
glwssa	- 'tongue', 'language'; cf. 'glossolalia'
gnwsi"	- 'knowledge'; cf. 'gnosis', 'gnostic'
gramma	- 'letter' (< grafo 'I write'); cf. 'grammar'
grafw	- 'I write'; cf. 'graphology'
gumnasia	- '(bodily) exercise' (< gymnazo 'I exercise' < gymnos (half) naked, for one would exercise (almost) naked); cf. 'gymnastics', 'gymnasium'
gunh	- 'woman'; cf. 'gynaecology' (< gynaikos 2nd c. < gynè)
daimwn	- 'evil spirit', 'daemon'
deka	- 'ten'; cf. Eng. 'the decalogue' (the ten commandments)
dendron	- 'tree'; cf. 'rhododendron', 'dendrite'
derma	- 'skin'; cf. 'dermatology'
despoth"	- 'master', 'lord'; cf. 'despot'
deutero"	- 'second'; cf. 'Deuteronomy' ('second law' < nomos 'law')
dhmo"	- 'population'; cf. 'democracy' (< kratos 'power')
dia	- 'through'; cf. Dutch 'dia' (slide; because it lets the light through)
diabolo"	- 'devil', 'false accuser', 'slanderer' (< diaballo 'I confuse'); cf. 'diabolical'
diagnwsi"	- 'opinion', 'investigation', 'decision' (juridical term); cf. 'diagnosis'
diadhma	- 'crown', 'diadem' (< dia and deo 'I bind'; originally a bluewhite ribbon that Persian kings would bind on their turban)
diakonia	- 'service', 'ministering'; cf. 'diaconal'
diakono"	- 'servant', 'minister'; cf. 'deacon'
dialekto"	- 'language (belonging to a population)' (<lego 'I say/speak'); cf. 'dialect'
diaspora	- 'dispersion' (< speiro 'I strew/sow'); cf. 'diaspora' (viz. < the ten tribes; also of the twelve, or only of Judah and Benjamin)
dogma	- 'point of teaching', 'decree', 'ordinance'; cf. 'dogma'
doxa	- 'honor', 'glory'; cf. 'doxology'
drakwn	- 'dragon'
dunami"	- 'might', 'ability'; cf. 'dynamite'
dunasth"	- 'high civil servant'; cf. 'dynasty'
duo	- 'two'; cf. 'duo'
dusenteria	- 'dysentery' (< dus 'mis-, un-, dis' and enteron 'intestine')

24.3 Etymology

ejgw	- 'I'; cf. Lat. 'ego'
ejqniko"	- 'heathen'; cf. Eng. 'ethnical'
ejqno"	- 'race, nation, people, heathen'; cf. 'ethnology'
ejqo"	- 'custom'; cf. Eng. 'ethos'
eijdwlon	- 'image, idol, false god';
eijkw	- 'yield'
eijkwn	- 'image, figure,'; cf. 'icon'
eijrhnh	- 'peace'; cf. girl's name 'Irene'
eiJ", mia, eJn	- 'one'; cf. various languages: 'one', 'ein', 'un', 'een', 'uno', etc.
ejk	- 'out'; vgl. Lat. 'ex'
ejkklhsia	- 'assembly, church'; cf. Fr. 'église', Sp. name 'Iglesias'; < ekkaleo 'I call out'
ejkstasi"	- 'extacy, wonderment'; cf. 'xtc'
eJlko"	- 'boil'; cf. Lat. 'ulcus', Eng. 'ulcer'
ejmo"	- 'mine'; cf. Lat. 'meus', etc.
ejmporion	- 'market'; cf. Lat. 'emporium', Eng. 'empire'
ejn	- 'in'; cf. Lat. 'in', German 'im', etc.
ejnergeia	- 'operation, activity, operation power'; cf. 'energy'
ejx	- 'six'; cf. Lat. 'sex', (the spiritus asper often was a sigma), Eng. 'six', German 'sechs', etc.
ejpiskopo"	- 'overseer, ' < episkopeo 'I watch attentively'; cf. Lat. 'episcopus', Eng.'bishop'
ejpistolh	- 'letter'; cf. Eng. 'epistle', D. 'epistel'
ejpifaneia	- 'appearing'; cf. Eng. 'epiphany'
ejpo"	- 'word'; cf. 'epos'
ejsqh"	- 'clothing, vestment'; cf. Lat. 'vestis'; Eng. D. 'vest'
ejsqiw	- 'I eat'; cf. Lat. 'edere', Eng. 'to eat', German 'essen'
eJspera	- 'evening'; cf. Lat. 'vesper'
ejscato"	- 'last'; cf. 'eschatology'
ejswtero"	- 'inner'; cf. 'esoteric'
eujaggelion	- 'good message, gospel'; German 'Evangelium'
eujaggelisth"	- 'somebody that announces a good message, evangelist'
eujgenh"	- 'noble', (lit. 'well born'); cf. boy's name 'Eugene'
eujcaristia	- 'thankfulness'; cf. Eng. 'eucharist', D. 'eucharistie'

25.3 Etymology

zhlo"	- 'zeal'; cf. 'jealousy'
zhlwth"	- 'zealot';
zugo"	- 'yoke'; related to Lat. 'iugium', Fr. 'joug', G 'Joch'
zwon	- 'living being', 'animal'; cf. 'zoology'
hJgemonia	- 'leadership'; cf. Eng. 'hegemony'
hJdonh	- 'pleasure'; cf. 'hedonism'
hJlio"	- 'sun(light)'; cf. 'helium'
hjco"	- 'sound', 'report', 'rumor'; cf. 'echo'
qea	- 'goddess', cf. girls' name Thea
qeatron	- 'public display', 'show', 'auditorium'; cf. 'theatre'
qerapeia	- 'healing', 'service', '(the community of) servants'; cf. 'therapy'
qermh	- 'heat'; cf. 'thermic'
qewria	- 'sight', 'public display'; cf. 'theory'
qhsauro"	- 'treasure (chest)', 'store'; cf. Lat. Eng. 'thesaurus'
qrauw	- 'to break', 'to wound'; cf. 'trauma'
qrhno"	- 'dirge', 'mourning (song)'; cf. Eng. 'tears', G. 'Thräne', 'dröhnen', Ned. 'tranen', 'dreunen'
qrono"	- 'throne', 'seat'
qura	- 'door'; cf. G. 'Thür'
qwrax	- 'thorax'
ijaspi"	- 'jasper'
ijatro"	- 'physician', '(lit.) healer'; cf. 'psychiatrist (lit. healer of soul)'
ijdio"	- 'own'; cf. 'idiom'
ijdiwth"	- 'simple citizen', 'unschooled citizen'; cf. 'idiot'
iJero"	- 'sacred'; cf. 'hieroglyph'
iJppo"	- 'horse'; cf. 'hippodrome', etc.
ijri"	- 'rainbow'; cf. girls' name Iris
ijcqu"	- 'fish'; cf. Christian 'ichthus' symbol of the acronym *Ihsou" Cristo" Qeou &Uio" Swthr

26.3 Etymology

kaqaro"	- 'pure'; cf. girls' name 'Catharina', 'catharsis'
kaqhghth"	- 'master', 'teacher'; cf. 'cathegist', etc.
Kaisar	- 'Caesar'
kako"	- 'bad'; cf. 'cacophony'
kalo"	- 'beautiful'; cf. 'calligraphy'
kamhlo"	- 'camel'
kanwn	- 'rule', 'standard'; cf. 'canon'
kardia	- 'heart'; cf. 'cardiology'
kataluw	- 'I loosen'; cf. 'catalyst'
katastrofh	- 'destruction'; cf. Eng. 'catastrophe'
keno"	- 'empty'; cf. 'cenotaph'
kenturiwn	- 'centurion'; cf. Lat. 'centurio'
keramiko"	- 'earthen'; cf. 'ceramic'
kefalh	- 'head'; cf. 'encephalogram'
khnso"	- 'tax'; cf. Lat. 'census'
kiqara	- 'harp', 'z(c)ither'; cf. 'gitar'
kinamwmon	- 'cinnamon'
kinew	- 'I move', 'I am moved'; cf. 'kinetic'
klei"	- 'key'; cf. Fr. 'clef'
kleptw	- 'I steal'; cf. 'kleptomania'
kodranth"	- '1/4 ass'; cf. Lat. 'quadrans', Eng. 'quarter'
koith	- 'marriage bed', 'conjugal love'; cf. 'coitus'
kollaw	- 'I glue', 'I fix'; cf. 'collage'
kolpo"	- 'bosom', 'bay'; cf. Eng. 'bathycolpian'
komh	- '(long) hair'; cf. 'comet' (because of the long tail)
kosmo"	- 'world', 'universe', 'adornment'; cf. 'cosmos'
koustwdia	- '(soldiers of the) guard'; cf. Lat. 'custodia'
krabbato"	- '(field)bed'; cf. Lat. 'grabatus'
krazw	- 'I shout, I cry'; cf. Eng. 'to cry'
kranion	- 'scull'; cf. Eng. 'cranium', D. 'kraan', 'kranig'
krea"	- 'flesh'; cf. Lat. 'caro', 'cruor'
krima	- 'judgment', 'condemnation', 'legal case'; cf. Fr. 'crime', Eng. 'crime'
krisi"	- 'judgment', 'punishment'; cf. 'crisis'
krithrion	- 'legal case', 'court of law'; cf. Eng. 'criterion'
kritiko"	- 'apt to judge'; cf. Eng. 'critical'
krupto"	- 'secret'; cf. 'cryptic'
krustallo"	- 'crystal'
kubernhsi"	- 'government', 'governing'; cf. Eng. 'government'
kuklw/	- 'in a circle', 'roundabout'; cf. Eng. 'cycle'
kumbalon	- 'cymbal'
kuminon	- 'cumin', G. 'Kümmel'
kwmh	- 'village' (actually the place where the field workers lie and sleep) [cognate of Eng. 'home']

27.3 Etymology

lalew	- 'I speak'; cf. 'glossolalia'
lampa"	- 'lamp'
larugx	- 'throat'; cf. Eng. 'larynx'
legewn,
legiwn	- 'legion'; cf. Lat. 'legio'
lention	- 'linen apron'; cf. Lat. 'linteum'
lepra	- 'leprosy'; cf. D. 'lepra'
leuko"	- 'lightening', 'white'; cf. Lat. 'luceo', G. 'leuchten'
libertino"	- '(son of a) liberated [Jewish] slave';cf. Lat. 'libertinus', Eng. 'libertine'
liqo"	- 'stone'; cf. 'lithography'
litra	- 'pound'; cf. 'litre'
logiko"	- 'reasonable'; cf. 'logic'
mageia,
magia	- 'magic' (pl.: magic powers)
mago"	- 'wise man'
maqhteuw	- 'I am (make) a disciple/student', 'I teach'; cf. Eng. 'mathematics'
mammh	- 'grandmother'; cf. 'mama'
mamwna"	- 'Mammon' [Hebr. lit. 'what is trusted in']
mania	- 'mania'
manna	- 'manna'
maranaqa	- 'maranatha' [Aramaic for 'the Lord is coming']
martu"	- 'witness'; cf. Eng. 'martyr' (witness for Christ)
megaleio"	- 'great', 'magnificent'; cf. 'megalomania'
mega"	- 'great'; cf. Lat. 'magnus', 'magister', Eng. 'most', Goth. 'maist', D. 'meest', etc.
meqodeia	- 'deceit'; cf. 'method'
mela"	- 'black'; cf. 'melancholy' (lit. 'black gall')
melissio"	- 'of (made by) bees', 'bee-' (with kèrion 'honeycomb'); cf. girls'name 'Melissa'
metamorfow	- 'I change in form'; cf. 'metamorphosis'
metrew	- 'I measure'; cf. 'metre'
mhn	- 'new moon', 'month'
miasma	- 'contamination'; cf. Eng. 'miasma'
migma	- 'mixture'
mignumi	- 'I mix'
milion	- 'mile' (one thousand steps)
mimeomai	- 'I imitate'; cf. 'mime'
misew	- 'I hate'; cf. Eng. 'misogynist'
modio"	- '(corn) measure'
muqo"	- 'myth'
mulo"	- 'mill(stone)'
mulwn	- 'mill(house)'
muria"	- 'ten thousand', 'very large multitude', 'great number'; cf. Eng. 'myriad(s)'
musthrion	- 'secret', 'mystery'

28.8 Etymology

nardo"	- 'nard(plant)'(from East India); Sanskrit, Hebr. 'nerd', Eng. 'nard'
nekro"	- 'dead'; cf. 'necrophilia'
nun	- 'now'; cf. G. 'nun' Lat. 'nunc'
xeno"	- 'strange(r)', 'host'; cf. 'xenophobia'
oJdo"	- 'way', 'road'; cf. 'cathode'
oijkonomia	- 'administration' (lit. 'tending of the house[hold]'); cf. 'economy'
oijkonomo"	- 'administrator'; cf. 'economist'
ojligo"	- 'little', 'small'; cf. 'oligarch'
oJlo"	- 'whole' 'complete'; cf. 'hologram'
ojnoma	- 'name'; cf. L. 'nomen', G. 'Name'
ojregomai	- 'I stretch myself towards', 'I reach to', 'I desire'; cf. Lat. 'rego', Eng. 'to reach', G. 'recken', 'strecken', 'reichen'
ojrfano"	- 'orphan', (particularly) 'father(less)
ojfqalmo"	- 'eye'; cf. 'ophthalmology'
paqo"	- '(sinful) desire', 'passion'; cf. 'pathos'
paidagwgo"	- 'teacher'; cf. 'pedagogue'
palaio"	- 'old'; cf. 'palaeoclimatology', etc.
panoplia	- 'full armor'; cf. Eng. 'panoply'
paradeiso"	- 'paradise' (that is, the third heaven; not the Garden of Eden)
paradoxo"	- 'incredible', 'wonderful'; cf. 'paradox'
pathr	- 'father'; cf. Lat. 'pater', G. 'Vater', Fr. 'père', etc.
penthkosth	- 'Pentecost'
planaw	- 'I deceive', 'I mislead'; cf. 'planet' (roaming star)
plasma	- 'lump of clay for the potter'; cf. 'plasma'
poihma	- 'work', 'what has been made'; cf. Eng. 'poem'
polemo"	- 'war', 'dispute'; cf. 'polemic'
porno-nh	- '(male)prostitute', 'prostituée'; cf. 'porno'
pragma	- 'thing', 'case', 'deed', 'what has been/is being done'; cf. 'pragmatic'
profhth"	- 'prophet' [< profèmi 'to announce']
profhtiko"	- 'prophetic'
profhti"	- 'prophetess'
pur	- 'fire'[probably from Sanscrit pu 'to purify']; cf. Eng. 'fire', 'pyromania', G. 'Feuer', Dutch 'puur'
purgo"	- 'tour', 'bulwark'; cf. D. 'burcht', G. 'Burg'

29.4 Etymology

rJabbi	- 'rabbi', 'teacher'; < Heb. 'rav', i.e. 'great', 'much'
rJedh	- 'wagon'; cf. Eng. 'to ride', D. 'rijden'
rJiza	- 'root'; cf. Lat. 'radix', Eng. 'root', G. 'Reis'
sabbaton	- 'Sabbath', 'saturday'; < Heb. 'shabbaat', i.e. 'resting day'
sakko"	- 'sack'; cf. Heb. 'sak', Lat. 'saccus', Eng. 'sack'
sindwn	- 'linen (cloth)'; cf. Heb. 'sadien', Skr. 'sindhu', Egypt. 'schenti', D. 'satijn'
smurna	- 'myrrh'; cf. Heb. 'moor', Eng. 'myrrh'
spoggo"	- 'sponge'
stadion	- 'racing course', 'arena', 'stadium (185 m.)'
stegw	- 'I cover', 'I bear (patiently)'; cf. Lat. 'tego', Eng. 'to deck', 'to thatch', D. 'dekken'
stellw	- 'I set', 'I equip'; cf. G. 'stellen', Eng. 'stall', D. 'stellen'
stenazw	- 'I groan'; cf. G. 'stöhnen', Eng. 'stentorian', D. 'steunen'
stigma	- 'mark (sign)'; cf. Lat. 'stimulus', Eng. 'to stick', 'to sting', G. 'stechen', D. 'steken'
stomaco"	- 'stomach', 'belly'; cf. Eng. 'stomach'
sumpaqew	- 'sympathy', '(lit. 'I suffer together with')
sumposion	- '(guests of a) drinking party', 'group', 'row'; cf. 'symposium'
sumfwnia	- 'music', [lit. 'sounding together']; cf. 'symphony'
sunagwgh	- '(meeting in a) synagogue'
sunedrion	- 'Jewish counsel', 'Sanhedrin'; cf. Eng. 'Sanhedrin'
scisma	- 'schism'
scolh	- 'school'

30.4 Etymology

tabernai	- 'halting place'; cf. Lat. 'taberna', Eng. 'tavern', D. 'taverne'
takto"	- 'arranged', 'ordered'; cf. Eng. 'tactic(al)', D. 'taktisch'
talanton	- 'talent(weight/amount)[about. USD 310 (Syrian talent)]'
taxi"	- 'order'; cf. 'taxi'
tauro"	- 'steer', 'bull'; cf. Lat. 'taurus', Sp. 'toro'
tecnh	- 'craft(smanship)', 'occupation'; cf. 'technique'
tecnith"	- 'craftsman', 'artificer'; cf. 'technician'
titlo"	- '(super)(in)scription', 'title'; cf. Lat. 'titulus', Eng. 'title', D. 'titel'
topo"	- 'place', 'occasion'; cf. Eng. 'topic(al)'
tremw	- 'I tremble', 'I fear', 'I am afraid'; cf. Lat. 'tremor'
trito"	- 'third'; cf. Eng. 'third', G. 'dritte'
tupo"	- 'sign', 'mark', 'impression', 'figure', 'image', 'model'; cf. Eng. 'type'
tupikw"	- 'by way of example'; cf. Eng. 'typical', D. 'typisch'
uJakinqino"	- '(very) dark red'; cf. Eng. 'hyacinth'
uJbri"	- 'pride', 'criminality', 'crime', 'insult'; cf. Eng. 'hubris'
uJgiainw	- 'I am healthy'; cf. Eng. D. 'hygiene'
uJdrwpiko"	- 'dropsical'; cf. Eng. 'dropsical'
uJdwr	- 'water'; cf. Eng. 'hydraulic'
uJmno"	- 'song'; cf. Eng. 'hymn'
uJperbolh	- 'excellence', 'pre-eminence', 'superiority'; cf. Eng. 'hyperbole', D. 'hyperbool'
uJpno"	- 'sleep'; cf. Eng. 'hypnotic', D. 'hypnotisch'

31.4 Etymology

fantasia	- 'pomp', 'circumstance'; cf. 'phantasy'
Faraw	- 'Pharaoh'; cf. Eng. 'Pharaoh'
Farisaio"	- 'Pharisee' [lit. 'somebody that separates himself' < Heb. 'farash' 'he separates himself']
farmakeia	- 'magic [probably under influence of drugs]'; cf. Eng. 'pharmacy', D. 'farmaceutisch'
faulo"	- 'worthless', 'foul'; cf. G. 'faul', 'flau', D. 'vuil', 'flauw'
fhmh	- 'fame', 'reputation'; cf. Eng. 'fame'
fialh	- '[shallow] dish', 'platter'; cf. Eng. 'vial'
filew	- 'I love [as friend]'; cf. 'bibliophile', etc.
filosofia	- 'philosophy' [lit. 'love of wisdom']
fobo"	- 'fear', 'angst'; cf. Eng. 'phobia', D. 'fobie'
fragellion	- 'whip'; cf. Eng. 'flagellate'
frhn	- 'mind', 'thought' [originally 'lungs', 'desires']; cf. 'phrenology'
fugh	- 'flight', 'escape'; cf. 'fuga'
fulakthrion	- 'prayer chain' [originally 'watch']; cf. Eng. 'phylactery'
fusiko"	- 'natural', 'guided by the [instincts] of nature'; cf. Eng. 'physical'
fwnh	- 'sound', 'voice'; cf. 'telephone' ['far voice']
fw"	- 'light'; cf. E. 'photo [from genitive fotos]
fwsforo"	- 'morning star'; cf. 'phosphor'

32.4 Etymology

calkhdwn	- 'chalcedon'
carakthr	- 'exact image'; cf. Eng. 'character', D. 'karakter'
carth"	- 'paper'; cf. Eng. D. 'charta'
cilia"	- '(the number) thousand'; cf. 'chiliast'
colh	- 'gall';
coro"	- '(group of) dancers', 'dance'; cf. Eng. 'choir', D. 'koor'
cristo"	- 'Christ' [lit. 'anointed' < chrio 'I anoint']
yalmo"	- 'psalm'
yeudo-	- 'false', 'lying', e.g. yeudodidaskalo 'false, misleading teacher'
yuch	- 'soul', cf. 'psychology'
w/jdh	- 'song' (in honor of God); cf. Eng. D. 'ode'
wj/on	- 'egg'; cf. Lat. 'ovum'
wJra	- 'hour', 'short time'; cf. Lat. 'hora', Eng. 'hour', Fr. 'heure'
wJsanna	- 'hosanna' [Hebr. lit.'save then', others 'save us'], 'be merciful', 'be favorable' [for the sake of David's Son]

33.4 Etymology

After we have given most English words that are cognate to biblical Greek, we now would like to treat of some words that are interconnected in Greek.

pote;	-when?	tote	-then	oJte	-when
pote	-some time			oJpote	-when(ever)
pw";	-how?	ouJtw"	-so, thus,	wJ"	-as
pw"	-somehow, perhaps			oJpw"	-how(ever), as
pou;	-where?			ouJ	-where
poso";	-how great? how many?	toso"	-so great	oJso"	-(so great, so many) as; how (great), how (many)
poio"	-what (kind of?	toio"	-such	oiJo"	-(such) as

Nomina Agentis (acting person):
-th" oJ	baptizw	baptisth"	Baptist
-o" oJ	legw	spermologo"	prattler, vain talker
-thr (-twr oJ	ejrew	rJhtwr	orator
-eu" oJ	basileuw	basileu"	king
Nomina Actionis (act or state of being):
-ti" (-si" hJ	tassw	taxi"	order
-sih (-sia hJ	ejkkalew	ejkklhsia	assembly
Nomina Rei Actae (result of an act):
-ma to	prassw	pragma	thing, case
-o" to	eijpon	ejpo"	word
Nomina Loci (place of an act):
-thrion to	desmo"	desmwthrion	prison
Nomina Qualitatis (characteristic or state of being):
-sunh hJ	dikaio"	dikaiosunh	righteousness
-ia hJ	ajlhqh"	ajlhqeia	truth
-th,-thto"	hJ crhsto"	crhstoth"	goodness, integrity
Diminutiva (diminutives):
-isko", (-h)	pai"	paidiskh	maid, lassie
	neania"	neanisko"	youth, young man
-ion to	pai"	paidion	lad, young boy
Gentilis ('patronymic'):
-th" oJ	jIsrahl	jIsrahlith"	Israelite

34.4. Etymology

After having given the various endings of substantives, we now do the same for the adjectives.

Adiectiva:
Possible, apt:
-o"	logo"	ajlogo"	unreasonable
-ro"	lampw	lampro"	shining
-h", -eo"	lhqw	ajlhqh"	true, truthful
-mwn, mono"	ejpistamai	ejpisthmwn	knowledgeable
Prepared with:
-to"	peiqw	pisto"	faithful
Full of:
-io"	timh	timio"	honored, costly
Belonging to:
-iko"	basileu"	basiliko"	royal
Derived from, belonging to:
-io"	Korinqo"	Korinqio"	Corinthian
-ino"	jAlexandria	jAlexandrino"	Alexandrian
-iko"	jIouda	jIoudai>ko"	Jewish
Materials:
-eo", -eio"	cruso"	cruse(i)o"	gold
-ino"	mulo"	mulino"	(made) of a millstone

35.3 Etymology

We now give you a few Greek words and show you how they are related to each other.

nhpio"	- young, childlike < nh [un-, -less] + ejpo" [word], cf. eijpon [I/they said]
hjpio"	- friendly, soft [with words]
nhsteuw	- I am fasting < nh + ejsqiw [I eat]
proskunew	- I worship, venerate, hail [this hails back to an ancient Eastern custom of prostrating oneself in front of a ruler to kiss his hand, knee or the hem of his garment] < pro + kunew [I kiss]
iJlew"	- merciful, friendly, favorable; cf. the following
ejleo"	- mercy [cognate with: ejleew, ejleeino", etc.]
ejmew	- I vomit; cf. Sanscrit 'vam', Lat. 'vomere', Eng. 'vomit' [remember that from India to England all languages (except Basque) belong to the Indo-Germanic or Indo-European language family]
eiJ"	- one; cf. with eJnoth" [union, unison]
ojclo"	- (restlessness, trouble[some burden])(belonging to) a great crowd; cf. ejnoclew [I trouble, I bother]
eijdw, ijdw, oijda	- cognate with Dutch. 'weten', 'vinden' and Eng. 'wisdom', 'find', cf. Eng. 'to wit'; oijda [I know], perfect tense of 'to see'; so 'I have seen=I know'

36.4 Etymology

One of the characteristics of the wisdom from above (ejpieikeia= mildness, gentleness): is derived from the word eijko" (which in turn derives from 'ejoika'= 'I seem like', or 'I look like' and hence 'seeming'); which means 'probable' (cf. Eng. 'likely'), 'natural', 'seeming, decent' and 'reasonable'. Therefore it is also described as 'mild or sweet reasonableness! These words are also philologically cognate with the Latin 'aequare', from which comes our 'equal.'

With the help of various prepositions often new nouns and verbs were constructed; e.g. grafw -ejggrafw, cf. Eng. 'to engrave'. Related to a verb are often various substantives; e.g. ejntellw-ejntalma-ejntolh. The so-called alpha privans (lit. 'robbing a') has the meaning of our un-; e.g. meleomai -ajmeleomai. Du" has the meaning of and is cognate with our dis-.

A word like suneidhsi" 'conscience' was probably translated by a philosopher into Latin with 'conscientia' and literally means 'a knowing with (oneself)'. Prepositions, just as in for example German and Dutch, are sometimes used to lend a negative sense to a word; e.g. ajra 'prayer,' 'wish' and katara < kata + ajra and so becomes 'curse,' 'malediction' (German: 'Verwünschung', Verfluchung').

With this we have arrived at the end of our subject of etymology for this course.

INSTITUTIO SCRIPTURARUM